Informatics Publishing Limited

Kulvir Kaur ¹, Rajan Miglani ¹, Jagjit Singh Malhotra ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication systems, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara - 144411 Punjab, IN
2 Department of ECE, DAVIET, Jalandhar – 144008, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Background: In Free space optical communication medium, the received signal envelope is affected by various impairments. The most dominating effect is turbulence induced fading. To model the turbulence there are fading channel models. Findings: In this paper the Gamma-gamma fading model is reviewed which gives impressive results under all types of turbulence conditions. The Gamma-gamma channel model statistics and its performance with spatial diversity techniques under correlation are reviewed. It has been shown that the Gamma-gamma channel model is able to perform better under correlation than other fading channel models. Improvements: The performance analysis of Gamma-gamma channel under pointing errors and its working with recent techniques in which FSO systems works with RF systems (Hybrid RF/FSO system) are also included in this paper.

Keywords

Gamma-Gamma Channel Model, FSO (Free Space Optics), RF (Radio Frequency).

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Kulvir Kaur ¹

Affiliations
1 Directorate of Extension Education, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab), IN

Abstract

Women always involve themselves in multifarious activities and spend most of their time in performing home related activities under stressful work conditions and changes postures on own ways such as bending, standing, squatting, sitting without knowing the health hazards of those. So the present study was undertaken to assess the adoption of correct techniques before and after intervention of drudgery reducing techniques. It was found that only 10 per cent respondents were having knowledge of keeping back in erect position and 40 per cent rural women had knowledge of using smaller movements of hands. After counseling, cent per cent respondents had acquired knowledge of storing of objects at proper heights. Twenty-six per cent respondents had lack of interest in taking advantage of gravity.

Keywords

Drudgery, Counseling, Adoption.

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Kulvir Kaur ¹

Affiliations
1 Directorate of Extension Education, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab), IN

Abstract

Women are active partners in farming and undertake management along men in addition to their responsibilities at home stead level. The nature and extent of women’s involvement in agriculture varies greatly from region to region. The role of woman in agriculture has gone in tremendous change after the advent of green revolution in Punjab. The present study was carried out to assess the change in role of women in agriculture after green revolution in district Hoshiarpur and to assess the factors affecting the change. The findings showed that small and medium land holder women of group I were used to perform all operations. Large land holder women of group I and group II were lesser engaged in all main three operations i.e., farm, subsidiary and allied farm operations.

Keywords

Participation of Women, Activities, Land Holders.

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Kulvir Kaur ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Extension Education, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab), IN

Abstract

The present research on role of skill development and knowledge enrichment in the adoption of energy conservation practices was conducted in Hoshiarpur district of Punjab state. Fifty rural women were selected randomly from two villages. The data were collected by using structured interview schedule both before and after imparting knowledge and skill. Knowledge and skill was imparted through lectures and participatory demonstrations. Mostly respondents were found in medium age category, matric passed, agricultural background and medium income group. Mostly respondents adopted human energy conservation practices and lesser change in developing habits for judicious use of electricity was found among family members. Lack of interest was the main issue among respondents for non-adoption of heat energy conservation practices.

Keywords

Adoption, Knowledge, Constraints, Energy Conservation.

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Subash Singh ¹, Kulvir Kaur ¹

Affiliations
1 Directorate of Extension Education, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab), IN

Abstract

Avegetable grower engaged in various agricultural activities under the expertise advice has the potential to empower him/her through the adoption of knowledge, skills, motivation, and competencies that underpin sustainable agriculture. A case study was undertaken to analyse the factors affecting level of income earned from vegetable growing and summarize the benefits after following the improved agricultural technology. For this, the achievements by a progressive vegetable grower Mr. Davinder Singh, village Mushkabad, tehsil- Samrala and district Ludhiana were assessed through an interaction. Though, being a marginal land holder, he has made a unique identity through vegetable cultivation in Punjab state through his scientific attitude, ideas and hardworking. According to him it could possible after he adopted all the advanced agricultural technologies of Punjab Agricultural University in his vegetable farming. Though, farming over a total of ten acres of his operational agricultural land, Mr. Singh emerged as a successful vegetable grower and has become a nation symbol. In addition to these, he has also made a milestone in dairy farming. In this manuscript, his achievements as vegetable grower and allied expertise have been presented which can be lessons to other poor and marginal land holders.

Keywords

Income, Vegetable, Crops, Grow, Higher.

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Subash Singh ¹, Kulvir Kaur ²

Affiliations
1 Directorate of Extension Education, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab), IN
2 Kairon Kisan Ghar, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab), IN

Abstract

A person engaged in various agricultural activities under the expertise advice has capacity to develop a potential to empower himself through the adoption of knowledge, skills, motivation, and competencies that underpin sustainable agriculture. The factors affecting level of income earned from vegetable growing were analysed and the benefits after following the improved agricultural technology were summarized. The achievements by Mr. Gurdial Singh, a progressive vegetable grower of village Kirrhi Shahi, tehsil- Khadoor Sahib and district Tarn Taran were assessed through interaction with him. He, besides being a marginal farmer, made a unique identity through vegetable cultivation through scientific attitude, ideas and his hard work. It could possible after he adopted all the advanced agricultural technologies of Punjab Agricultural University in vegetable farm practices. With his 30 acres of his own and 50 acres on lease, he emerged as a successful vegetable grower and has become a nation symbol for other farmers. In addition, he also excelled in dairy farming. A case study of the achievements and allied expertise has been discussed in this manuscript which can benefit other land holders.

Keywords

Self, Cultivation, Vegetable, Crops, Vegetable, Crops.

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Kulvir Kaur ¹

Affiliations
1 Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab), IN

Abstract

A woman entrepreneur engaged in food processing activities under the expertise advice and also recognized intricate skills and required capability to put the skills into economic activities through the adoption of knowledge acquired through the trainings. A case study was undertaken to analyze the involvement of woman in various entrepreneurial activities and also summarize the benefits gained after involving herself in processing activities. For this, the achievements gained by a progressive woman Mrs. Gurdeep Kaur, village Alhoran Kalan, tehsil Nabha. District Patiala were assessed through interview method. Though, her family having marginal land, but she has made continuous efforts to establish her identity in processing unit through her hard work and family support. According to her, it could be possible to focus her mind to use the surplus agriculture produce after getting the technical knowledge of usage of fruits and vegetables. After attaining expertise, she has gained the experience of new products, improved methods and skills of commercial level processing. She has made a milestone in fruits and vegetable processing. In this manuscript, her achievements in processing of products have been presented so that the women can get new directions and lesions to uplift their economic status.

Keywords

Vegetables, Fruits, Entrepreneur, Economic Status.

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